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Figure 2: Pulling the Fiber with the BFG1 Bare Fiber Gripper

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Figure 1: Scribing the Fiber with the S90R Fiber Scribe

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Figure 3: Cleaved Fiber After Pulling

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Figure 4: Cleaved Fiber End, as Viewed Through the JEL10 Eye Loupe

Fiber Cleaving

A cleave, or precision cut, is used to ensure proper light propagation out of the fiber tip. Thorlabs' uncleaved cannula must be cleaved before use; a cleaved cannula can be cleaved again if a shorter fiber length is desired. We recommend the following procedure for cleaving the fiber end.

Required Materials

• Uncleaved Fiber Optic Cannula
• S90R Fiber Scribe
• BFG1 Bare Fiber Gripper
• KW32 Kimwipes™ Lint-Free Wipes
• Isopropyl Alcohol
• JEL10 Eye Loupe, EYL10X Premium Eye Loupe, or Microscope
• FTDU Fiber Optic Disposal Unit (Recommended)

Cleaving Procedure

1. Clean the fiber end of the cannula using a lint-free wipe and isopropyl alcohol. Do not use acetone, as this will damage the TECS cladding on the exposed fiber.
2. Measure the desired length of fiber from the end of the ferrule. Mark this length on the fiber with a marker.
3. Place the cannula on a hard surface and secure the fiber end with a finger or tape, as shown in Figure 1.
4. Hold the cleaving tool perpendicular to the fiber and gently score the fiber as shown in Figure 1 to the right. Do not apply excessive pressure. The fiber should not break off at this point.
   This step is critical in obtaining a good cleave. If the scribe is made too hard, the fiber will break instead of cleaving. If the scribe is too light, the fiber will not cleave.
5. Hold the cannula in one hand, and grip the fiber end with a bare fiber gripper in the other end as shown in Figure 2. Pull the fiber straight back until the fiber cleaves as shown in Figure 3. Dispose of the scrap fiber end in the FTDU or any medical or fiber sharps container.
6. If the fiber does not break with a moderate amount of tension, repeat steps 4-5 above applying slightly more pressure when scoring. Inspect the cleave using an eye loupe or microscope.

A good cleave will be flat across the fiber and perpendicular to the optic axis. There should be no ‘tag’ (i.e., protrusion) from the edge of the fiber. The region where the initial scribe was made may be visible. It should be less than 5% of the core diameter. Be patient as this process takes a little practice. Please be aware that it will be more difficult to achieve a high-quality cleave in large-core-diameter fibers compared to thinner fibers. A view of a properly cleaved fiber end as seen through a Thorlabs' JEL10 eye loupe is shown in Figure 4.

Click Here for a PowerPoint Illustrating This Procedure

Thorlabs also offers a full fiber connectorization manual, which covers fiber termination and connectorization, as well as bare fiber cleaving. It can be downloaded for free here, or a paper copy can be purchased here.

Optogenetics Selection Guide

Thorlabs offers a wide range of optogenetics components; the compatibility of these products in select standard configurations is discussed in detail here. Please contact Technical Support for assistance with items outside the scope of this guide, including custom fiber components for optogenetics.

Single-Site Stimulation

One Light Source to One Cannula Implant

The most straightforward method for in vivo light stimulation of a specimen is to use a single fiber optic with a single LED light source. The single wavelength LED is powered by an LED driver, and then the illumination output is fiber-coupled into a patch cable, which connects to the implanted cannula. See the graphics and expandable compatibility tables below for the necessary patch cables and cannulae to create this setup. To choose the appropriate LED and driver, see below or the full web presentation.

Click for Details

Click to See Ø1.25 mm (LC) Ferrule Compatible Patch Cables, Cannulae, and Interconnects

Component Selection Table (Click Links for Item Description Popup)
Fiber Type		FG105LCA	FG200UCC	FT200EMT	FP200URT	FT400EMT	FP400URT
Fiber Type Specs	Core Diameter	105 µm	200 µm			400 µm
	Wavelength Range	400 - 2400 nm	250 - 1200 nm	400 - 2200 nm	300 - 1200 nm	400 - 2200 nm	300 - 1200 nm
	NA	0.22	0.22	0.39	0.50	0.39	0.50
Patch Cablesb	Standard FC/PC Input	M61L01	M86L005 M86L01	M83L01 MR83L01	M73L01	M99L01	M127L01
	Standard SMA905 Input	M63L01	M87L005 M87L01	M89L01 MR89L01	M95L01	M98L01	M125L01
	Rotary Joint FC/PC Input	-	-	RJPFL2	-	RJPFL4	-
	Rotary Joint SMA905 Input	-	-	RJPSL2	-	RJPSL4	-
Compatible Mating Sleeve/Interconnect		ADAL1, ADAL3, or ADAL4-5
Fiber Optic Cannulaec	Ceramic 6.4 mm Long Ferrule	CFMLC21L02 CFMLC21L05 CFMLC21L10 CFMLC21L20 CFMLC21U-20	CFMLC22L02 CFMLC22L05 CFMLC22L10 CFMLC22L20 CFMLC22U-20	CFMLC12L02 CFMLC12L05 CFMLC12L10 CFMLC12L20 CFMLC12U-20	CFMLC52L02 CFMLC52L05 CFMLC52L10 CFMLC52L20 CFMLC52U-20	CFMLC14L02 CFMLC14L05 CFMLC14L10 CFMLC14L20 CFMLC14U-20	CFMLC15L02 CFMLC15L05 CFMLC15L10 CFMLC15L20
	Diffuser Tip (Ceramic 6.4 mm Long Ferrule)	-	-	CFDSB02 CFDSB05 CFDSB10 CFDSB20	-	-	-
	Ceramic 10.5 mm Long Ferrule	-	CFMXA02 CFMXA05 CFMXA10 CFMXA20	CFMXB02 CFMXB05 CFMXB10 CFMXB20	CFMXC02 CFMXC05 CFMXC10 CFMXC20	-	CFMXD02 CFMXD05 CFMXD10 CFMXD20
	Stainless Steel 6.4 mm Long Ferrule	CFML21L02 CFML21L05 CFML21L10 CFML21L20 CFML21U-20	CFML22L02 CFML22L05 CFML22L10 CFML22L20 CFML22U-20	CFML12L02 CFML12L05 CFML12L10 CFML12L20 CFML12U-20	CFML52L02 CFML52L05 CFML52L10 CFML52L20 CFML52U-20	CFML14L02 CFML14L05 CFML14L10 CFML14L20 CFML14U-20	CFML15L02 CFML15L05 CFML15L10 CFML15L20
Items are compatible with each other when they are comprised of the same fiber type and listed in the same column. Patch cables for single source to single implant applications are highlighted in green above. Choose a patch cable with an input that matches your light source. Available cannulae are highlighted in orange of the table above. Cannulae within the same column are interchangeable.

Click for Detials

Click to See Ø2.5 mm (FC) Ferrule Compatible Patch Cables, Cannulae, and Interconnects

Component Selection Table (Click Links for Item Description Popup)
Fiber Type		FG200UCC	FT200EMT	FP200URT	FT300EMT	FT400EMT	FP400URT
Fiber Type Specs	Core Diameter	200 µm			300 µm	400 µm
	Wavelength Range	250 - 1200 nm	400 - 2200 nm	300 - 1200 nm	400 - 2200 nm	400 - 2200 nm	300 - 1200 nm
	NA	0.22	0.39	0.50	0.39	0.39	0.50
Patch Cablesb	Standard FC/PC Input	M80L005 M80L01	M81L005 M81L01 MR81L01	M104L01	M56L005 M56L01	M82L005 M82L01	M128L01
	Standard SMA905 Input	M84L005 M84L01	M77L005 M77L01 MR77L01	M106L01	M58L005 M58L01	M79L005 M79L01	M126L01
	Rotary Joint FC/PC Input	-	RJAFF2 RJPFF2	-	-	RJPFF4	-
	Rotary Joint SMA905 Input	-	RJASF2 RJPSF2	-	-	RJPSF4	-
Compatible Mating Sleeve/Interconnect		ADAF1, ADAF2, or ADAF4-5
Fiber Optic Cannulaec	Ceramic 10.5 mm Long Ferrule	CFMC22L02 CFMC22L05 CFMC22L10 CFMC22L20 CFMC22U-20	CFMC12L02 CFMC12L05 CFMC12L10 CFMC12L20 CFMC12U-20	CFMC52L02 CFMC52L05 CFMC52L10 CFMC52L20 CFMC52U-20	CFMC13L02 CFMC13L05 CFMC13L10 CFMC13L20	CFMC14L02 CFMC14L05 CFMC14L10 CFMC14L20 CFMC14U-20	CFMC54L02 CFMC54L05 CFMC54L10 CFMC54L20
	Stainless Steel 12.7 mm Long Ferrule	CFM22L02 CFM22L05 CFM22L10 CFM22L20 CFM22U-20	CFM12L02 CFM12L05 CFM12L10 CFM12L20 CFM12U-20	CFM52L02 CFM52L05 CFM52L10 CFM52L20 CFM52U-20	CFM13L02 CFM13L05 CFM13L10 CFM13L20	CFM14L02 CFM14L05 CFM14L10 CFM14L20 CFM14U-20	CFM15L02 CFM15L05 CFM15L10 CFM15L20
Items are compatible with each other when they are comprised of the same fiber type and listed in the same column. Patch cables for single source to single implant applications are highlighted in green above. Choose a patch cable with an input that matches your light source. Available cannulae are highlighted in orange of the table above. Cannulae within the same column are interchangeable.

Bilateral Stimulation

The ability to accurately and simultaneously direct light to multiple locations within a specimen is desired for many types of optogenetics experiments. For example, bilateral stimulation techniques typically target neurons in two spatially separated regions in order to induce a desired behavior. In more complex experiments involving the simultaneous inhibition and stimulation of neurons, delivering light of two different monochromatic wavelengths within close proximity enables the user to perform these experiments without implanting multiple cannulae, which can increase stress on the specimen.

Bilateral stimulation can be achieved with several different configurations depending on the application requirements. The sections below illustrate examples of different configurations using Thorlabs' optogenetics products.

Option 1: One Light Source to Two Cannula Implants Using Rotary Joint Splitter

Thorlabs' RJ2 1x2 Rotary Joint Splitter is designed for optogenetics applications and is used to split light from a single input evenly between two outputs. The rotary joint interface allows connected patch cables to freely rotate, reducing the risk of fiber damage caused by a moving specimen. See the graphic and compatibility table below for the necessary cables and cannulae to create this setup. For LEDs and drivers, see below or the full web presentation.

Click for Details

Click to See Ø1.25 mm (LC) Ferrule Components Recommended for Use with RJ2 Rotary Joint Splitter

Component Selection Table (Click Links for Item Description Popup)
Common Fiber Properties
Fiber Properties	Core Diameter	200 µm			400 µm
	Wavelength Rangea	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm
	NA	0.22	0.39	0.50	0.39	0.50
Input Patch Cablesb	Standard FC/PC Connectors	M122L01 M122L02 M122L05	M72L01 M72L02 M72L05	M123L01 M123L02	M74L01 M74L02 M74L05	M124L01 M124L02
	Hybrid SMA905 to FC/PC	M36L01	M75L01 M75L02	M129L01 M129L02	M76L01 M76L02	M131L01 M131L02
Rotary Joint		RJ2
Output Patch Cables	FC/PC to Ø1.25 mm (LC) Ferrule	M86L005 M86L01	M83L01 MR83L01	M73L01	M99L01	M127L01
Compatible Mating Sleeve/Interconnect		ADAL1, ADAL3, or ADAL4-5
Fiber Optic Cannulaec	Ceramic 6.4 mm Long Ferrule	CFMLC22L02 CFMLC22L05 CFMLC22L10 CFMLC22L20 CFMLC22U-20	CFMLC12L02 CFMLC12L05 CFMLC12L10 CFMLC12L20 CFMLC12U-20	CFMLC52L02 CFMLC52L05 CFMLC52L10 CFMLC52L20 CFMLC52U-20	CFMLC14L02 CFMLC14L05 CFMLC14L10 CFMLC14L20 CFMLC14U-20	CFMLC15L02 CFMLC15L05 CFMLC15L10 CFMLC15L20
	Diffuser Tip (Ceramic 6.4 mm Long Ferrule)	-	CFDSB02 CFDSB05 CFDSB10 CFDSB20	-	-	-
	Ceramic 10.5 mm Long Ferrule	CFMXA02 CFMXA05 CFMXA10 CFMXA20	CFMXB02 CFMXB05 CFMXB10 CFMXB20	CFMXC02 CFMXC05 CFMXC10 CFMXC20	-	CFMXD02 CFMXD05 CFMXD10 CFMXD20
	Stainless Steel 6.4 mm Long Ferrule	CFML22L02 CFML22L05 CFML22L10 CFML22L20 CFML22U-20	CFML12L02 CFML12L05 CFML12L10 CFML12L20 CFML12U-20	CFML52L02 CFML52L05 CFML52L10 CFML52L20 CFML52U-20	CFML14L02 CFML14L05 CFML14L10 CFML14L20 CFML14U-20	CFML15L02 CFML15L05 CFML15L10 CFML15L20
Products in each column can be used with each other over the indicated wavelength range and is limited by the operating range of the RJ2 Rotary Joint Splitter. Individual products may be used outside this range; see product information for detailed specifications. Use a standard FC/PC patch cable to connect to an FC/PC-terminated light source. SMA905 to FC/PC hybrid patch cables should be used to connect to an SMA905-terminated light source. Available cannulae are highlighted in orange of the table above. Cannulae within the same column are interchangeable.

Click for Detials

Click to See Ø2.5 mm (FC) Ferrule Components Recommended for Use with RJ2 Rotary Joint Splitter

Component Selection Table (Click Links for Item Description Popup)
Common Fiber Properties
Fiber Properties	Core Diameter	200 µm			300 µm	400 µm
	Wavelength Rangea	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm	400 - 700 nm
	NA	0.22	0.39	0.50	0.39	0.39	0.50
Input Patch Cables	Standard FC/PC Connectors	M122L01 M122L02 M122L05	M72L01 M72L02 M72L05	M123L01 M123L02	M56L005 M56L01	M74L01 M74L02 M74L05	M124L01 M124L02
	Hybrid SMA905 to FC/PC	M36L01	M75L01 M75L02	M129L01 M129L02	M58L005 M58L01	M76L01 M76L02	M131L01 M131L02
Rotary Joint		RJ2
Output Patch Cables	FC/PC to Ø2.5 mm (FC) Ferrule	M80L005 M80L01	M81L005 M81L01 MR81L01	M104L01	M56L005 M56L01	M82L005 M82L01	M128L01
Compatible Mating Sleeve/Interconnect		ADAF1, ADAF2, or ADAF4-5
Fiber Optic Cannulaec	Ceramic 10.5 mm Long Ferrule	CFMC22L02 CFMC22L05 CFMC22L10 CFMC22L20 CFMC22U-20	CFMC12L02 CFMC12L05 CFMC12L10 CFMC12L20 CFMC12U-20	CFMC52L02 CFMC52L05 CFMC52L10 CFMC52L20 CFMC52U-20	CFMC13L02 CFMC13L05 CFMC13L10 CFMC13L20	CFMC14L02 CFMC14L05 CFMC14L10 CFMC14L20 CFMC14U-20	CFMC54L02 CFMC54L05 CFMC54L10 CFMC54L20
	Stainless Steel 12.7 mm Long Ferrule	CFM22L02 CFM22L05 CFM22L10 CFM22L20 CFM22U-20	CFM12L02 CFM12L05 CFM12L10 CFM12L20 CFM12U-20	CFM52L02 CFM52L05 CFM52L10 CFM52L20 CFM52U-20	CFM13L02 CFM13L05 CFM13L10 CFM13L20	CFM14L02 CFM14L05 CFM14L10 CFM14L20 CFM14U-20	CFM15L02 CFM15L05 CFM15L10 CFM15L20
Products in each column can be used with each other over the indicated wavelength range and is limited by the operating range of the RJ2 Rotary Joint Splitter. Individual products may be used outside this range; see product information for detailed specifications. Use a standard FC/PC patch cable to connect to an FC/PC-terminated light source. SMA905 to FC/PC hybrid patch cables should be used to connect to an SMA905-terminated light source. Available cannulae are highlighted in orange of the table above. Cannulae within the same column are interchangeable.

Option 2: One or Two Light Sources to Two Cannula Implants

If the intent is for one LED source to connect to two cannulae for simultaneous light modulation, then a bifurcated fiber bundle can be used to split the light from the LED into each respective cannula. For dual wavelength stimulation (mixing two wavelengths in a single cannula) or a more controlled split ratio between cannula, one can use a multimode coupler to connect one or two LEDs to the cannulae. If one cable end is left unused, the spare coupler cable end may be terminated by a light trap. See the graphic and compatibility table below for the necessary cables and cannulae to create this setup. For LEDs and drivers, see below or the full web presentation.

Click on Each Component Below for More Information

Two Light Sources into One Dual-Core Cannula Implant

For bilateral stimulation applications where the two cannulas need to be placed in close proximity (within ~1 mm), Thorlabs offers dual-core patch cables and cannulae that are designed for this specific application. Each core is driven by a separate light source, enabling users to stimulate and/or supress nerve cells in the same region of the specimen. See the graphic and compatibility table below for the necessary cables and cannulae to create this setup. For LEDs and drivers, see below or the full web presentation.

Click on Each Component for More Information

Popular Fiber-Coupled LEDs for Optogenetics
Item #	M470F3	M590F3
Center Wavelength	470 nm	590 nm
Bandwidth (FWHM)	20 nm	16 nm
Typical Output Spectrum (Click to Enlarge)
Ø200 µm Core Fiber Output (Typ.)a	7.0 mW	1.5 mW
Ø400 µm Core Fiber Output (Typ.)b	21.8 mW	4.6 mW
CW Drive Current (Max)	1.0 A	1.0 A
LED Forward Voltage	3.1 V	2.6 V
Typical Lifetime	>50,000 Hours	>10,000 Hours

• Tested using MM Fiber with Ø200 µm core, 0.22 NA (Item # FG200UCC).
• Tested using MM Fiber with Ø400 µm core, 0.39 NA (Item # FT400EMT).

Illumination

Click to Enlarge
M470F3

Fiber-Coupled LEDs and Drivers

Our fiber-coupled LEDs are ideal light sources for optogenetics applications. They feature a variety of wavelength choices and a convenient interconnection to optogenetics patch cables. Thorlabs offers fiber-coupled LEDs with nominal wavelengths ranging from 280 nm to 1050 nm. See the table to the right for the LEDs with the most popular wavelengths for optogenetics. A table of compatible LED drivers can be viewed by clicking below.

Click to See Compatible LED Drivers

Compatible Driversa	LEDD1Bb	DC2200c	DC4100c,d,e	DC4104c,d,e
Click Photos to Enlarge
Main Driver Features	Very Compact Footprint 60 mm x 73 mm x 104 mm (W x H x D)	Touchscreen Interface with Internal and External Options for Pulsed and Modulated LED Operation	4 Channelsd	4 Channelsd
LED Driver Current Output (Max)	1.2 A	LED1 Terminal: 10.0 A LED2 Terminal: 2.0 Af	1.0 A per Channel	1.0 A per Channel
LED Driver Forward Voltage (Max)	12 V	50 V	5 V	5 V
Modulation Frequency	0 to 5 kHz (External)	20 to 100 kHz (Internal)h DC to 250 kHz (External)g,h	0 to 100 kHz (External)h Simultaneous Across all Channels	0 to 100 kHz (External)h Independently Controlled Channels
External Control Interface(s)	Analog (BNC)	USB 2.0 and Analog (BNC)	USB 2.0 and Analog (BNC)	USB 2.0 and Analog (8-Pin)
EEPROM Compatible: Reads Out LED Data for LED Settings	-
LCD Display	-

• Click on the item number link to view the complete presentation for each controller.
• The preferred power supply (single channel or hub-based) depends on the end user's application and whether you already own compatible power supplies. To that end and in keeping with Thorlabs' green initiative, we do not ship the LEDD1B bundled with a power supply. This avoids the cost and inconvenience of receiving an unwanted single-channel supply if a hub-based system (Item # KCH301 or KCH601) would be more appropriate.
• Automatically limits to LED's max current via EEPROM readout.
• The DC4100 and DC4104 can power and control up to four LEDs simultaneously when used with the DC4100-HUB. The fiber-coupled LEDs on this page all require the DC4100-HUB when used with the DC4100 or DC4104.
• These LED drivers have a maximum forward voltage rating of 5 V and can provide a maximum current of 1000 mA. As a result, they cannot be used to drive LEDs which have forward voltage ratings greater than 5 V. LEDs with maximum current ratings higher than 1.0 A can be driven using this driver, but will not reach full power.
• The fiber-coupled LEDs sold above are compatible with the LED2 Terminal.
• Small Signal Bandwidth: Modulation not exceeding 20% of full scale current. The driver accepts other waveforms, but the maximum frequency will be reduced.
• The M565F3 and M595F2 LEDs produce light by stimulating emission from phosphor, which limits their modulation frequency range. These LEDs may not turn off completely when modulated above 10 kHz at duty cycles below 50%.